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Evolution Korea South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses. Nonetheless, it is healthier than might be expected. The country is looking for an entirely new model of development. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for the ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence the society. There are signs that a secular culture is beginning to emerge. Origins In the prehistoric era the ancestors of the today's Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild foods. Then around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops such as millet and beans. They also raised livestock and made furs. They established tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools, and later iron ones. They also traded with other countries and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan along with styles of art, a written language, and papermaking. Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. At this time the inhabitants of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure with a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the majority of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens and sometimes even forced them to join the army or construct fortifications. At the end of the period, the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian beliefs into its official beliefs and made the male centered filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obeyed by all and respected by their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, a country which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the shapes created by the mouth while pronouncing. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Additionally, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was refined. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE. Evolution in Korea The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence of human settlements are visible in the form of stone-lined cist graves with precious goods such as amazonite jewellery being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, and made of large stones in a single piece, are common in the country. Gojoseon was the first political state to be recognized in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern portion of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje is the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the Goguryeo's fall (676 CE) and was left with only its southern territories in Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a while. The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territorial holdings. Silla with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935. As Korea enters a post-crisis phase, its development paradigm seems to be changing. People who are shocked by the immense cost of the old system are urging an extensive program of liberalization in capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand, those who support the old system seek to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears over potential job losses. The academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to which these two trends are driving Koreas development towards a new model of economic governance. This article reviews developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political development including democratic illiberalism (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also identifies key elements that are the driving force behind these developments. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey from 2009 showed that nearly a third of respondents were against evolution. Of those, 41% said that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents said it contradicted their religious beliefs, and 17% said they did not know what it meant. This level of doubt is similar to that in the United States, where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced species of life. In the past, most of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and bringing them to Christ. In 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the main speakers. The event was attended by a large number of professors, church leaders, and scientists. The success of this event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and attracted a lot of attention. KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the group published its own activities and published articles about scientific evidence for the existence of God. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and also a few books on creationism that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures in universities and churches across the country. One instance of a KACR success story took place at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were fascinated by creationism that they raised funds and received funding to construct a small museum dedicated to creation on campus. In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. This magazine covers topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It has also established a network of local branches that hold seminars and provide talks to children in schools and other community groups. The evolution of South Korea In the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other style elements from abroad. 에볼루션 블랙잭 evolutionkr.kr to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern rock and roll and jazz. At this time the samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers and other instruments. Korea's new model of development is being created in the wake of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime lies in the proper balance between state-led economic policies and market-based ones. It also involves altering incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 & 4. The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and migrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. Consequently, it came into frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. He also held control over a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo. His rule was however only for a short time. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was then under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.